Week Case Study Essay Example

Week Case Study Paper Look up the paper that started the study of computer security. Prepare a summary of the key points. What in this paper specifically addresses security in areas previously unexamined? The RAND Report R-609-1 was commissioned by the Deputy Director in June 1967 according to www. Linearitys. Com. The report was to study and recommend solutions that would unsure the protection of classified information while allowing multi-level access along with computer sharing capabilities. The report was broken down into four sections. First, the nature of the problem was identified. This identified security problems from the computer systems to lack of security and potential threats. The second part looked at policy considerations and gave recommendations. This section dealt with systems personnel to information structure and ended with system certification recommendations. The third section detailed technical recommendation while the last section detailed management and administrative controls. With the increased and wide spread use of computers in the military, a need for procedures we due. These procedure recommendations revolved around technique and security which had not previously existed on such a broad call. Even with the large scale of operations, there still needed to be some privacy around the system and data that was shared or accessed. Through this study, batch, multiprogramming, and time-shared processing were all recommended for different levels of access and control. Three types of threats to system security were identified. These are accidental access of data, deliberate access of data, and a physical attack on the system. There were recommended safeguards to protect from all three vulnerabilities. This protection had to be identified and secured by the system designer so not APS were missed. We will write a custom essay sample on Week Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Week Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Week Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These gaps could be in the software, hardware, communication of information and general lack of organization or the organization itself. There were recommended characteristic needs of the system seemed almost too massive to have all at one time. The system had to be flexible in term of performance, responsive to different conditions, dubitable for security breaches, reliable, manageable, adaptable based on sensitivity needs, dependable, while assuring configuration integrity. With all of these demands, a definition list was put together so everyone could be Lear on the document and the interpretation was consistent from person to person. The second part of the study started out with fundamental principles and system personnel. This detailed who could have access to what part of the system and the data. It also identified gate-keepers and administrators with user authentication guidelines. The data was organized and controlled so that any variance was identifiable. All transactions into the system and the activity that took place was logged for transaction accounting. Auto-testing was implemented and sufficient redundancy checks were put in place to ensure data control was not compromised. Input and output parameters were very specific and access was obtained only through several checkpoints in the system. The system was checked, tested, and evaluated often for any fail-points or weaknesses. Inspections were performed by experts to determine if the system was in compliance with pre-determined requirements and regulations. There were three types of certifications that protected the system and access to the system; design certification, installation certification, and recertification. The last part of the report detailed the technical recommendations. Due to the size of the system needed for the data-sharing, the present technology was insufficient and additional safeguards had to be put into place. The central processing hardware had to have user isolation along With protection against unexpected access or conditions. This meant that each user was unique and the program would isolate the data needed for that user. The software had to run with complex programs that allowed sorting and file copying while maintaining security checkpoints. This lead to access controls in different levels of the system. Certain users could only gain access to some information. If an unauthorized user tried to gain access to information Outside their authority, a denial of access Was sent. This also generated a flag to be immediately checked. All these steps and processes were new and now seem to be a very standard practice in the world of computers. Even with the most secure systems, there are still people or even other computer systems trying to gain access to data that they are not authorized to see or control. The cyber world continues to fill up with public and private data at tremendous speeds which will continue to lead the curious hacker to halogen themselves to getting data they should not have. 2. Consider the information stored on your personal computer. For each of the terms listed, find an example and document it: threat, threat agent, vulnerability, exposure, risk, attack, and exploit. Threats this could be a person driving around your neighborhood looking for the insecure network. Threat Agent this could be a hacker that finds the unsecured network with the intentions of installing a worm, computer virus, or some sort of damaging program. Vulnerability This could be an account that has a weak password like 123456. Exposure An example of this is when someone opens and e-mail with a Trojan, worm, or virus attached. Risk This could be an event in which you let someone you dont know very well use your laptop or access a program without good intent. Attack This is what happens when your system has been intentionally or unintentionally exposed to a malicious program or person. Exploit Can be gained at a local level or network level to take advantage of weaknesses or vulnerability in a system. They are used to gain control to a computer system. 3. Using the web, find out who Kevin Nitpick was. What did he do? Who caught him? Write a short summary of his activities and why he is famous. Kevin Nitpick is know that he worlds most famous hacker according to his website (win. Indestructibly. Com). In the early 199(Yes, he proved to be a computer genius that thrived on the breaking into high-profile company computers through the now out-of-date dial-up modem superhighway. He would assume false identities and cover his tracks to out run the FBI and other authorities looking to track him down. He was finally caught and arrested in 1995 by the FBI in his North Carolina apartment, resourced four years later for wire fraud, computer fraud and identity theft. Kevin Nitpick started his computer hacking at a seemingly young age of 15 gaining access to the Los Angles bus system. This lead to him obtaining free rides on the public transport system. His first arrest for hacking came in 1988 when he was convicted of unauthorized access of a computer network in 1979 at the age of 16. This earned him a year in prison. After his release, he continued his hacking using The Condor and The Darkies Hacker as his calling cards. He pushed the limits of his activities and became one of the Bis most wanted. After his arrest in 1995, it took four years to get a conviction. He had a lot of supporter that felt his conviction and incarceration was too harsh which include eight months in solidarity confinement since he was a perceived threat to national security.

Mills Vs the Harm principle essays

Mills Vs the Harm principle essays Mills Vs. Harms Principles Its unfortunate that Gottfried is in such a sticky situation. Analyzing the situation with Mills principles could lead to two different conclusions, depending on the type of utility you follow. In the long run, Gottfried will realize that there are plenty of fish in the sea and will go on to live a normal happy life even if there are more 72 hour relationships in the future. So you should do anything in your power to save him if you are a probable consequence utilitarian. This is in fact excluding the possibilities that saving Gottfried makes him part of the next Columbine High School shooting, which is why you couldnt make a definite decision if you were a only a consequence utilitarian. Maybe Gottfried has no outside life because he is developing the cure for aids in his basement, thus losing him would have a negative effect on everyone else and then you would of course have to accept his short term suffering as a small cost for the greater good. However in the short term Go ttfried explains to you the intense pain and agony he is indeed feeling at the time. Now everyone has there own tolerance to pain emotion or otherwise. This could be the case were a Dr. Kevorkian routine could actually be considered the moral thing to do if you believed that Gottfrieds pain was indeed unbearable and who had a hedonistic approach. It would serve no immediate harm to anyone because of his lack of connections with the outside world etc. Looking at the situation from Harms principle, it can be hard to make a decision as well because of the previously mentioned situation. While it may appear that Gottfried may not be directly harming anyone else in the process of killing himself there could be an indirect evil done to someone. Think of the poor guy thats going to have to pick that crap up or how traumatized the mailman might be. It seems impossible to have abso...

Cont-wk 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cont-wk 10 - Essay Example The biological perspective states that one of the monoamines, may be responsible for aggressive behavior. Specifically, the serotonin in the neural circuits is responsible for modulating aggression in animals, but in human behavior, serotonin activity can cause impulsive behavior and aggression (Weiten, 2001). The biological perspective can be compared to the behavioral perspective because it presents a reason why an individual may exhibit the behavior. Freud believed that aggressive behavior was normal and it was a way to relieve stress in order to get to catharsis. He defined catharsis as the "release of emotional tension" (Weiten, 2001, p. 539). However, other researchers have noted that aggressive behavior does not relieve stress; instead, it increases this behavior. Carol and Hodges (2006) studied aggressive boys and found that one contributing factor for aggression in boys was the fact that they tended have aggressive friends. Another interesting point that Carol and Hodges found was that when groups of aggressive boys get together, they may become aggressive towards specific victims. In looking at the reports about the Columbine High School shootings, the boys that were being bullied were considered misfits because they were not athletes. This would support the research of Carol and Hodges, especially if these children experienced aggressive behavior in their early adolescence. They suggested that if the relationship between the aggressors and the victims was studied more, there may be interventions that could be found early to stop the behavior before it starts. The psycho-social perspectives takes into consideration both the biological and behavioral perspectives. Newman and Fox (2009) researched aggression in the American high school and college settings between 2002 and 2008. They studied five factors that may influence whether children became aggressive enough to kill: 1) the shooters perception of themselves as being outside the

The rational Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The rational - Essay Example The Internet is not only a source of learning but also a superb source of entertainment. The internet offers a wide range of recreational activities (Klapter et al, 2009:7). Considering the benefits attributed to the internet, a website to teach attributed aspects of colours has been launched. This website intends to teach the children aged 5 and 9 years. 1.1 A brief description about the website I have developed a website entitled â€Å"Learning Colours† for children. The website contains six pages and ten sub-pages. The â€Å"Home Page† introduces viewers to the Rainbow, which is essential in the learning process. I have provided my introduction in About Me page, though it has little concern with the children learning process. A Flikr video in Page 3 explains the steps essential for uploading and drawing colours on the website. On equal measure, Page 4 has multiple items that include the name and images of sixteen colour shades depicted with background music. Moreover , the fill in the blanks strategy, has been applied by providing incomplete names of colours to be filled by the children. Conversely, images have also been included in front of the specific colours for the curiosity and learning. Moreover, primary and secondary, as well as warm and cool colours have been depicted in this page. The other pages contain more colour attributive aspects such as colour mixing and rainbow colours among others. 1.2 My Teaching Methodology I intend to use my website as an additional source at the end of the class lecture, such that the children can be able to recall the activities learnt in this lecture. A website is easy to understand and beneficial for teaching in the modern era. Consequently, the depiction of images could be helpful in teaching the children about colours. This means that the children can learn about the objects and colours simultaneously through this teaching methodology (WHITTY, 2006:6). The children are required to access the relevant material through the portable tablets in advance, such that during the face –face meetings, a series of simple but interrelated questions about colours would be asked from the accessed materials. The activity relates to Piaget’s Cognitive Learning Theory, which submits to state that sequence of learning depends upon the development of cognitive abilities (SZIGETHY, WEISZ, & FINDLING, 2012). 2.0 Activities and Principles 2.1 Activities Accurate and powerful designs of the websites, according to NEILSEN (1994:7), carry profound significance in conveying the message and achieving the goals to be obtained through it. Keeping in view the same notion, I intend to introduce some alterations in the website in order to make the design schemes more attractive, powerful and resourceful. In addition, I intend to create a â€Å"learn with parents† page. This is because; it is a good indicator of children’s success when engaged by their parents. The learning process be comes easy when the parents help their children to go through the internet pages when helping them to do their assignment. (WHITTY, 2006:5). On equal measure, I intend to use the flickr group in evaluating the children’s work. In addition, the flickr group will enable the children to

Financial intermediation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Financial intermediation - Essay Example Being an intermediary also means acting as the middleman or go-between among lenders and borrowers; a good example of a financial intermediary are the banks and other financial institutions which accept deposits from people who have extra monies and lend these out to those who need them and willing to pay interest for the use of the money. Financial intermediation is the crucial process in any of free capitalist markets or economies because it allows for capital-raising activities and helps to promote economic growth. This is achieved through a dual savings – investment process. Financial intermediation accomplishes three general objectives which are: convert a short-term liability into a long-term asset (banks do this by reconciling different maturities), a way to mitigate market risks (such as by lending to several borrowers instead of just one) and to re-denominate fund amounts (like bundling several small investors together and lend their monies to one big borrower; conver sely, one big deposit can be lent out to many borrowers). When financial regulation is performed by the concerned government authorities/agency in a prudential manner, it will safeguard the economy from excessive risks and abuses. The primary beneficiaries of financial intermediation are the borrowers who will be able to keep their borrowing costs down as opposed to borrowing directly on the markets and other primary beneficiaries are the lenders who will be insulated from any of probable market failures if done properly, as stated earlier, in a prudent way. The entire nation will benefit if it is well-managed, in the sense that intermediation increases financial efficiency. Using Financial Intermediation to Trade Risks – a good example to trade risks is the insurance industry. What insurance firms do is spread the risks by issuing several life policies, for example, because not all people die at the same time. In other words, only a few people do die in a certain year based on statistics (or probabilities) and so the insurance people can make money based on these probabilities. For example, they issue a thousand life insurance policies and accept premium payments on these policies; however, maybe only 10 people die within a single year and so they are able to earn profits because their payout is much less than revenues from the premium payments they receive. There are also many other ways by which risks can be traded, such as through esoteric investment instruments like credit default sways (CDS) or by selling collateralized debt obligations (CDO) like the sub-prime mortgage markets. The net effect of these opaque and poorly-understood instruments is to transfer the risks to the buyers. Banks, insurance firms and investment companies are example of financial intermediaries that trade risks in the open market and make money by their arbitrage activities. Intermediaries are necessary to mediate or mitigate the risks by credit rationing or diversification (Benner 90). Components of Good Financial Management – the collapse of the sub-prime market in the United States of America brought to the fore the issue of unregulated and opaque types of investment instruments such as derivatives (the CDO and CDS are two examples of these). Other examples of derivative investment instruments are options, futures, swaps and forwards in which the derivatives' values are based on another underlying commodity, hence its name. Its ultimate value is derived from other variables and derivatives are supposed to work by the process in which excessive swings or fluctuations in prices are avoided. A derivative in any of tradeable commodities is simply a contract in which the payoff is dependent on the

Haematopoiesis Located In Bone Marrow Section Biology Essay

Haematopoiesis Located In Bone Marrow Section Biology Essay Haemopoiesis also known as haematopoiesis located in bone marrow section of an adults and lymphatic tissue is the process of production of blood cells and platelets which continues throughout life, replacing aged cells which are removed from the circulation by which immature precursor cells expand to mature blood cells. This process thesis and how it works is known as monophyletic theory. The cellular blood components are precursor to haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) that forms blood cells and immune cells. Blood cells (BC) are significant in maintenance of immune system in all types of cells in the body which prompt the BC to constantly maintain self renewal. Haemapoiesis stem cells therefore can proliferate, differentiate and even undergo cell death called apoptosis in various types of specialized cells in the body. The morphology and growth of BC sometimes occurs outside the bone marrow cells called extramedullary haemopoiesis. This is abnormal condition associated with Myelofibrosis caused by disorder in the bone marrow due to abnormal stem cell results or replacement by collagenous connective tissues. The sources of HSC are bone marrow, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, Foetal Hematopoietic, Embryonic Stem Cells and Embryonic Germ Cells. The vascular compartment of bone marrow is used to supplied nutrient artery and open into sinuses. The sinus carries the blood from the bone marrow to the body. HSCs have two kinds and include long term stem cells which incorporate transplantation of a new marrow cells to lethally cancerous patients and restore its haemopoietic system for longer periods and short term progenitor which are unable to renew themselves for longer period but immediately regenerate all types of blood cells. The success of been able to inject healthy cells from compatible donor to patients receiving chemotherapy successfully and recipient recover by regaining full functioning healthy blood cells is deemed to have completed stem cells. Large amount of new blood cells are constantly been produced in the blood circulation ensuring steady flow in the peripheral circulation. This type of stem cells is known as pluripotential stem cell (PSC). Pluripotent stem cell however differentiates into other stem cells known as unipotential stem cells: erythropoiesis, monocytes, granulopoiesis, thrombopoiesis and lymphopoiesis are specially multiplied into precursor specifically to individual mature blood cells. Erythropoiesis is the process used to describe red blood cells (erythrocytes) formation exclusively in the red bone marrow involving matured nucleated precursor into erythrocytes. The yellow bone marrow initially composed of fats and subsequently changed to red bone marrow from greater affinity of red blood cells needs. Haemocytoblasts is the precursor of erythrocytes lasting for few days and involved around four mitotic divisions of cells given rise to 8 to 16 more cells. The kidney initiates RBC production in mature cell by responding to lack of oxygen in the blood and secret special hormone called erythropoietin. This hormone is then transferred to red bone marrow and begins production of red blood cell. The RBC fills up the blood capillaries for distribution in the body. After few days the RBC is strong enough to serve oxygen to the body and consequently subsided after few months and loses its affinity to continue oxygen distribution and rupture. The ruptured RBC is then taken up by the spleen for recycled to form new RBC. Monocytes is a type of white blood cells that mature to much larger cells called macrophages and plays major role in immune system of the body that destroy dead cells or tissues damaged and cancer cells. Produced in the bone marrow and develop from nucleated precursors, the monoblast and promonocyte and then goes through the bloodstream for circulation to the spleen, lymph nodes, liver,bone marrow and lungs. Mature cells in monocytes life span is around 3-8 hours with full antigenic stimulation of T and B lymphocytes. Thrombopoiesis is a Platelets formed in the cytoplasm cell called megakaryocyte inside bone marrow with maturity within 10 days from much larger stem cells, megakaryoblast . The platelets formation penetrates into the blood vessels to prevent bleeding, assist clots formation to prevent bleeding and repair damages to blood vessels. Macrophages eventually destroy the platelets in the spleen and liver. Granulopoiesis are formed in the red bone marrow (RBM) called granulocytes and subdivided into three types of white blood cells (WBC); eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils and are grouped in the same stem cells called myeloblast. Granulocytes are produced by the continuous lobulation and condensation of the nucleus, loss of RNA cytoplasmic granules development. A developed cell goes through sinus endothelium where half of the granulocytes circulate to the internal surface of blood vessels and the other half circulates in the blood vessels for exchange. Half of the granulocytes eventually disperse from the circulation in response to requirement in the tissues. Lymphopoieses are precursor to lymphoblasts and prolymphocytes produced in bone marrow. Immature cells are transferred to the lymphoid tissues and thymus, with further division with similar antigens to T cells, B cells and NK cells. They mediate composite and immune effectors. Blood cells (BC) are significant in maintenance of immune system in all types of cells in the body which prompt the BC to constantly maintain self renewal. Haemapoiesis stem cells therefore can proliferate, differentiate and even undergo cell death called apoptosis in various types of specialized cells in the body. The morphology and growth of BC sometimes occurs outside the bone marrow cells called extramedullary haemopoiesis. This is abnormal condition associated with Myelofibrosis caused by disorder in the bone marrow due to abnormal stem cell results or replacement by collagenous connective tissues. The sources of HSC are bone marrow, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, Foetal Hematopoietic, Embryonic Stem Cells and Embryonic Germ Cells. The vascular compartment of bone marrow is used to supplied nutrient artery and open into sinuses. The sinus carries the blood from the bone marrow to the body. HSCs have two kinds and include long term stem cells which incorporate transplantation of a new marrow cells to lethally cancerous patients and restore its haemopoietic system for longer periods and short term progenitor which are unable to renew themselves for longer period but immediately regenerate all types of blood cells. The success of been able to inject healthy cells from compatible donor to patients receiving chemotherapy successfully and recipient recover by regaining full functioning healthy blood cells is deemed to have completed stem cells. Leukemia and Lymphoma are some of the cancer of the blood associated with treatment by HSCs. The process relates to the patients defective white blood cells causes by cancer having been destroyed using chemotherapy and replaced with bone marrow transplant matched with donor. Donor are usually from patients family with similar leukocytes antigens. Cancer of the blood are acute or chronic myeloblastics leukemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkins lymphoma and Hodgkins diseases. Name the systems used to classify acute lymphoblastic leukaemia(ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). (word limit: 20 words) (2 MARKS) French-American-British (FAB) classification and the World Health Organization (WHO) classifications are two subtypes used in classification of AML and ALL. Define leucocytosis and thrombocytopenia. (word limit: 75 words)(5 MARKS) Leucocytes is a conditions of an abnormal increase of white cells in the blood due to infections. Total white blood cells is approximately 4400 to 11,000 cells/microL. Excess to the value of 50,000/microL, attributed to leukemia is called leukemoid reaction. Thrombocytopenia is a condition where there is abnormal decrease in platelets counts, rendering inability for clot formation resulting in excessive bleeding. Causes can be due to low platelets in bone marrow, intravascular and extravascular. Define leukaemia and state the four main divisions of the disease. (word limit: 70 words) (10 MARKS) Leukaemia is a malignant (cancer) of the bone marrow characterized by uninhibited proliferation of abnormal white blood cells. Symptoms include enlargement of liver, lymph nodes and spleen, anaemia, blood clotting retardation. Four major types of leukaemia are; Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) classified as Lymphocytic or lymphoblastic, Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) classified as Myelogenous leukemia State the typical manifestation of someone presenting with acute leukaemia including the blood film morphology. (word limit: 200 words) (5 MARKS) Most common symptons includes abnormal bruising and bleeding (thrombocytopaenia), anemia, bleeding gums or irregularity in menstrual period and infections. Anaemia and hypermetabolic state are attributed to fatigue, malaise, weight loss, chest pain and tachycardia. Granulocytopenia can progressively lead to potential life threatening bacterial infections. Developing infection frequently in eyes, nose and mouth known as neutropaenia, trace of blood in urine, fine rash dark red spots called purpura. Sign of fever, abnormal heamostasis are mostly common. Patients may sometimes shows lesion in soft tissues, spina dura and cranial representing tumour of leukaemia cells called granulocytic sarcoma or chroma. Periosteal infiltration and bone marrow may initiate joint pain (Arthralgia) in children with ALL. Meningitis causing vomiting, seizure, papilledema and headache is rare. Blood film morphology diagnosis of AML shows presence of more than 20% myeloblasts in blood cell. Cells appear to be smudge with decrease in thrombocytes. Elevated count of leucocytes 135.3 x 109 /L and thrombocytopenia of 26 x 109 /L indicates signs of acute leukaemia. In AML, Auer rods appear smaller in size, absent of granules, lower RBC counts and appear smaller in morphology. Also ALL contains no granules State the typical manifestation of someone with chronic leukaemia including the blood film morphology. (word limit: 200 words) (5 MARKS) (word limit: 230 words) (15 MARKS) Chronic leukaemia from mature cells is a slow progressive symptom that goes unnoticed for months. Disease is normally notice during normal routine blood test. Immediate treatment is not imminent and may involve chemotherapy treatment in tablet from. Two types of chronic leukaemia: Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), cancer of the myeloid cells, and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), cancer of the lymphocytes. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common type characterised by an increased number of lymphocytes (WBC). The lymphocytes are unable to perform normal process of responding to infections by producing antibodies needed to destroy bacteria. Symptoms may be tiredness (anaemia) due to lack of RBC, continuous infections due to WBCs healthy shortages in fighting infections, abnormal lymphocytes in lymph glands causing swelling in neck and arm pits or groin, also swelling in spleen, Low platelets in blood leading to bruising or bleeding without injury, weight loss, fevers and night sweat. Test in blood film morphology indicates nuclei appearance is rounded and condensed chromatin. High level of beta-2-macroglobulin protein in the blood indicates advance CLL. Appearance and large amount of lymphocytosis in the blood more than 10,000 lymphocytes/mm ³ of blood shows presence of the disease. Patient with CLL often have low red blood cells and blood platelets in the body. Explain the following techniques and give one example for each, of application in the diagnosis or monitoring of leukaemia: (word limit: 230) (15 marks). Cytochemistry Is the staining methods use to study, identify and localization of various chemical compounds within living cells and activities of acute leukaemia. The most simplify cytochemistry method of diagnosing leukaemia is Myeloperoxidase (MPO) staining which can be completed within minutes. Its main function is to differentiate AML and ALL. Lysosomal enzyme stored azurophilic granules of neutrophils and monocytes. Used in basophils and eosinophils demonstration. A heme pigmentation react to its green colour secretion found in neutrophils. Immunophenotyping Immunophenotyping is use to analyze heterogeneous populations of cells based on the antigens phenotype according to their resemblance of interest. Example is leukocytes from peripheral blood extract from lymph nodes, leukaemia and lymphoma specific to differentiate cancer cells to normal of immune system. Immunophenotyping is used on a daily basis by pathologist from normal biopsies to bone marrow biopsies from various patients. Method mostly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens is flow cytometry techniques. Samples of cells are analyzed in a multi-well plate with aid of fluorescence or scatter laser light to sort out population by immunophenotypic markers type. Cytogenetics The branch of genetics specialized in the studies of relationships between the structure of cell division and chromosomes relating to variation in phenotype and genotype. Test are carried out in blood samples and bone marrow from leukaemia patients to analyse abnormalities in chromosomal link with certain disease. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is one of the methods use in routine analysis of cytogenetic band, molecular cytogenetic and G-Banded chromosomes in leukemia against normal chromosome. What is the Philadelphia chromosome? Give an example of where this is commonly found. (word limit: 120 words) (5 MARKS) Philadelphia chromosome (PH) or Philadelphia translocation is a specific chromosomal abnormality that causes chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). It is an abnormally chromosome 22 involved in an exchange with chromosome 9 which occur at the site of single bone marrow cell and can also be located in form of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The clonal process expands to the leukaemia and was the first major mutant cell found in malignancy which led to the CML cells combination of BCR-ABL gene protein. These genes belong to chromosome 22 and 9 respectively. The activities of both PH chromosome fused together causing uncontrolled malignant in the cell is a strong indication of pathogenic disease. The drug mesylate (Gleevec) was introduced through understanding of this mechanism to aid in cancer treatment. State the difference between stem cell and bone marrow transplants. (word limit: 100 words) (4 MARKS) Stem cell transplantation is a method where the stem cells are obtained from the peripheral blood using aphaeresis method. Aphaeresis assists in stem cells filtrations and avoids unwanted blood. When stem cells are obtained from the outpatient donor from the blood stream, they are less invasive and patient can recover very quickly at home. Stem cell harvested from the bone marrow using fine needle inseted into the hip joint however required critical method from in patient to be hospitalized and put under general aneshesia for continue monitoring. Stem cells collected from the bone marrow are much richer in stems compare with stem collected from the peripheral blood. State the difference between autologous and allogenic transplants. (word limit: 50 words) (4 MARKS) Difference between an autologous transplant is when patients own blood forming cell are collected for use in transplataion later, while an allogenic transplant relies on cells collected from volunteers bone marrow. The donors tissue type must be compatible to the recipient to avoid miss match.

Speech Outline -- essays research papers

How to Shoot a Basketball Properly Introduction Attention Getter: â€Å"I wish I was a little bit taller, I wish I was a Baller, I wish I had a girl who looked good I would call her.† That timeless phrase coined by Ski-Lo in the early nineties, resonates with so many of us because all of those goals are things that people relate to being successful. And while I can’t help you with the first and the last respectively, becoming a â€Å"Basket-baller† is quite feasible, with a little hard work. While the most important parts of being a baller can be debated for years and years. I believe all would agree that you have to be able to put the ball in the hoop. That is why I have spent most of my life learning how to shoot a basketball properly. The process is long and requires using muscles all over your body, but with determination and hard work you will become the best shooter you can be. I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to shoot well you must use all of your lower body. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You will want to start off by keeping your feet about shoulder with apart. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Place your shooting hands’ foot slightly ahead of the other foot. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Keeping one foot ahead of the other allows for a better guide for your upper body to follow. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then turn your hips and feet square to the rim or goal. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You’ll then want to sit back and press your knees forward...