Haematopoiesis Located In Bone Marrow Section Biology Essay

Haematopoiesis Located In Bone Marrow Section Biology Essay Haemopoiesis also known as haematopoiesis located in bone marrow section of an adults and lymphatic tissue is the process of production of blood cells and platelets which continues throughout life, replacing aged cells which are removed from the circulation by which immature precursor cells expand to mature blood cells. This process thesis and how it works is known as monophyletic theory. The cellular blood components are precursor to haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) that forms blood cells and immune cells. Blood cells (BC) are significant in maintenance of immune system in all types of cells in the body which prompt the BC to constantly maintain self renewal. Haemapoiesis stem cells therefore can proliferate, differentiate and even undergo cell death called apoptosis in various types of specialized cells in the body. The morphology and growth of BC sometimes occurs outside the bone marrow cells called extramedullary haemopoiesis. This is abnormal condition associated with Myelofibrosis caused by disorder in the bone marrow due to abnormal stem cell results or replacement by collagenous connective tissues. The sources of HSC are bone marrow, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, Foetal Hematopoietic, Embryonic Stem Cells and Embryonic Germ Cells. The vascular compartment of bone marrow is used to supplied nutrient artery and open into sinuses. The sinus carries the blood from the bone marrow to the body. HSCs have two kinds and include long term stem cells which incorporate transplantation of a new marrow cells to lethally cancerous patients and restore its haemopoietic system for longer periods and short term progenitor which are unable to renew themselves for longer period but immediately regenerate all types of blood cells. The success of been able to inject healthy cells from compatible donor to patients receiving chemotherapy successfully and recipient recover by regaining full functioning healthy blood cells is deemed to have completed stem cells. Large amount of new blood cells are constantly been produced in the blood circulation ensuring steady flow in the peripheral circulation. This type of stem cells is known as pluripotential stem cell (PSC). Pluripotent stem cell however differentiates into other stem cells known as unipotential stem cells: erythropoiesis, monocytes, granulopoiesis, thrombopoiesis and lymphopoiesis are specially multiplied into precursor specifically to individual mature blood cells. Erythropoiesis is the process used to describe red blood cells (erythrocytes) formation exclusively in the red bone marrow involving matured nucleated precursor into erythrocytes. The yellow bone marrow initially composed of fats and subsequently changed to red bone marrow from greater affinity of red blood cells needs. Haemocytoblasts is the precursor of erythrocytes lasting for few days and involved around four mitotic divisions of cells given rise to 8 to 16 more cells. The kidney initiates RBC production in mature cell by responding to lack of oxygen in the blood and secret special hormone called erythropoietin. This hormone is then transferred to red bone marrow and begins production of red blood cell. The RBC fills up the blood capillaries for distribution in the body. After few days the RBC is strong enough to serve oxygen to the body and consequently subsided after few months and loses its affinity to continue oxygen distribution and rupture. The ruptured RBC is then taken up by the spleen for recycled to form new RBC. Monocytes is a type of white blood cells that mature to much larger cells called macrophages and plays major role in immune system of the body that destroy dead cells or tissues damaged and cancer cells. Produced in the bone marrow and develop from nucleated precursors, the monoblast and promonocyte and then goes through the bloodstream for circulation to the spleen, lymph nodes, liver,bone marrow and lungs. Mature cells in monocytes life span is around 3-8 hours with full antigenic stimulation of T and B lymphocytes. Thrombopoiesis is a Platelets formed in the cytoplasm cell called megakaryocyte inside bone marrow with maturity within 10 days from much larger stem cells, megakaryoblast . The platelets formation penetrates into the blood vessels to prevent bleeding, assist clots formation to prevent bleeding and repair damages to blood vessels. Macrophages eventually destroy the platelets in the spleen and liver. Granulopoiesis are formed in the red bone marrow (RBM) called granulocytes and subdivided into three types of white blood cells (WBC); eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils and are grouped in the same stem cells called myeloblast. Granulocytes are produced by the continuous lobulation and condensation of the nucleus, loss of RNA cytoplasmic granules development. A developed cell goes through sinus endothelium where half of the granulocytes circulate to the internal surface of blood vessels and the other half circulates in the blood vessels for exchange. Half of the granulocytes eventually disperse from the circulation in response to requirement in the tissues. Lymphopoieses are precursor to lymphoblasts and prolymphocytes produced in bone marrow. Immature cells are transferred to the lymphoid tissues and thymus, with further division with similar antigens to T cells, B cells and NK cells. They mediate composite and immune effectors. Blood cells (BC) are significant in maintenance of immune system in all types of cells in the body which prompt the BC to constantly maintain self renewal. Haemapoiesis stem cells therefore can proliferate, differentiate and even undergo cell death called apoptosis in various types of specialized cells in the body. The morphology and growth of BC sometimes occurs outside the bone marrow cells called extramedullary haemopoiesis. This is abnormal condition associated with Myelofibrosis caused by disorder in the bone marrow due to abnormal stem cell results or replacement by collagenous connective tissues. The sources of HSC are bone marrow, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, Foetal Hematopoietic, Embryonic Stem Cells and Embryonic Germ Cells. The vascular compartment of bone marrow is used to supplied nutrient artery and open into sinuses. The sinus carries the blood from the bone marrow to the body. HSCs have two kinds and include long term stem cells which incorporate transplantation of a new marrow cells to lethally cancerous patients and restore its haemopoietic system for longer periods and short term progenitor which are unable to renew themselves for longer period but immediately regenerate all types of blood cells. The success of been able to inject healthy cells from compatible donor to patients receiving chemotherapy successfully and recipient recover by regaining full functioning healthy blood cells is deemed to have completed stem cells. Leukemia and Lymphoma are some of the cancer of the blood associated with treatment by HSCs. The process relates to the patients defective white blood cells causes by cancer having been destroyed using chemotherapy and replaced with bone marrow transplant matched with donor. Donor are usually from patients family with similar leukocytes antigens. Cancer of the blood are acute or chronic myeloblastics leukemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkins lymphoma and Hodgkins diseases. Name the systems used to classify acute lymphoblastic leukaemia(ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). (word limit: 20 words) (2 MARKS) French-American-British (FAB) classification and the World Health Organization (WHO) classifications are two subtypes used in classification of AML and ALL. Define leucocytosis and thrombocytopenia. (word limit: 75 words)(5 MARKS) Leucocytes is a conditions of an abnormal increase of white cells in the blood due to infections. Total white blood cells is approximately 4400 to 11,000 cells/microL. Excess to the value of 50,000/microL, attributed to leukemia is called leukemoid reaction. Thrombocytopenia is a condition where there is abnormal decrease in platelets counts, rendering inability for clot formation resulting in excessive bleeding. Causes can be due to low platelets in bone marrow, intravascular and extravascular. Define leukaemia and state the four main divisions of the disease. (word limit: 70 words) (10 MARKS) Leukaemia is a malignant (cancer) of the bone marrow characterized by uninhibited proliferation of abnormal white blood cells. Symptoms include enlargement of liver, lymph nodes and spleen, anaemia, blood clotting retardation. Four major types of leukaemia are; Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) classified as Lymphocytic or lymphoblastic, Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) classified as Myelogenous leukemia State the typical manifestation of someone presenting with acute leukaemia including the blood film morphology. (word limit: 200 words) (5 MARKS) Most common symptons includes abnormal bruising and bleeding (thrombocytopaenia), anemia, bleeding gums or irregularity in menstrual period and infections. Anaemia and hypermetabolic state are attributed to fatigue, malaise, weight loss, chest pain and tachycardia. Granulocytopenia can progressively lead to potential life threatening bacterial infections. Developing infection frequently in eyes, nose and mouth known as neutropaenia, trace of blood in urine, fine rash dark red spots called purpura. Sign of fever, abnormal heamostasis are mostly common. Patients may sometimes shows lesion in soft tissues, spina dura and cranial representing tumour of leukaemia cells called granulocytic sarcoma or chroma. Periosteal infiltration and bone marrow may initiate joint pain (Arthralgia) in children with ALL. Meningitis causing vomiting, seizure, papilledema and headache is rare. Blood film morphology diagnosis of AML shows presence of more than 20% myeloblasts in blood cell. Cells appear to be smudge with decrease in thrombocytes. Elevated count of leucocytes 135.3 x 109 /L and thrombocytopenia of 26 x 109 /L indicates signs of acute leukaemia. In AML, Auer rods appear smaller in size, absent of granules, lower RBC counts and appear smaller in morphology. Also ALL contains no granules State the typical manifestation of someone with chronic leukaemia including the blood film morphology. (word limit: 200 words) (5 MARKS) (word limit: 230 words) (15 MARKS) Chronic leukaemia from mature cells is a slow progressive symptom that goes unnoticed for months. Disease is normally notice during normal routine blood test. Immediate treatment is not imminent and may involve chemotherapy treatment in tablet from. Two types of chronic leukaemia: Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), cancer of the myeloid cells, and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), cancer of the lymphocytes. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common type characterised by an increased number of lymphocytes (WBC). The lymphocytes are unable to perform normal process of responding to infections by producing antibodies needed to destroy bacteria. Symptoms may be tiredness (anaemia) due to lack of RBC, continuous infections due to WBCs healthy shortages in fighting infections, abnormal lymphocytes in lymph glands causing swelling in neck and arm pits or groin, also swelling in spleen, Low platelets in blood leading to bruising or bleeding without injury, weight loss, fevers and night sweat. Test in blood film morphology indicates nuclei appearance is rounded and condensed chromatin. High level of beta-2-macroglobulin protein in the blood indicates advance CLL. Appearance and large amount of lymphocytosis in the blood more than 10,000 lymphocytes/mm ³ of blood shows presence of the disease. Patient with CLL often have low red blood cells and blood platelets in the body. Explain the following techniques and give one example for each, of application in the diagnosis or monitoring of leukaemia: (word limit: 230) (15 marks). Cytochemistry Is the staining methods use to study, identify and localization of various chemical compounds within living cells and activities of acute leukaemia. The most simplify cytochemistry method of diagnosing leukaemia is Myeloperoxidase (MPO) staining which can be completed within minutes. Its main function is to differentiate AML and ALL. Lysosomal enzyme stored azurophilic granules of neutrophils and monocytes. Used in basophils and eosinophils demonstration. A heme pigmentation react to its green colour secretion found in neutrophils. Immunophenotyping Immunophenotyping is use to analyze heterogeneous populations of cells based on the antigens phenotype according to their resemblance of interest. Example is leukocytes from peripheral blood extract from lymph nodes, leukaemia and lymphoma specific to differentiate cancer cells to normal of immune system. Immunophenotyping is used on a daily basis by pathologist from normal biopsies to bone marrow biopsies from various patients. Method mostly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens is flow cytometry techniques. Samples of cells are analyzed in a multi-well plate with aid of fluorescence or scatter laser light to sort out population by immunophenotypic markers type. Cytogenetics The branch of genetics specialized in the studies of relationships between the structure of cell division and chromosomes relating to variation in phenotype and genotype. Test are carried out in blood samples and bone marrow from leukaemia patients to analyse abnormalities in chromosomal link with certain disease. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is one of the methods use in routine analysis of cytogenetic band, molecular cytogenetic and G-Banded chromosomes in leukemia against normal chromosome. What is the Philadelphia chromosome? Give an example of where this is commonly found. (word limit: 120 words) (5 MARKS) Philadelphia chromosome (PH) or Philadelphia translocation is a specific chromosomal abnormality that causes chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). It is an abnormally chromosome 22 involved in an exchange with chromosome 9 which occur at the site of single bone marrow cell and can also be located in form of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The clonal process expands to the leukaemia and was the first major mutant cell found in malignancy which led to the CML cells combination of BCR-ABL gene protein. These genes belong to chromosome 22 and 9 respectively. The activities of both PH chromosome fused together causing uncontrolled malignant in the cell is a strong indication of pathogenic disease. The drug mesylate (Gleevec) was introduced through understanding of this mechanism to aid in cancer treatment. State the difference between stem cell and bone marrow transplants. (word limit: 100 words) (4 MARKS) Stem cell transplantation is a method where the stem cells are obtained from the peripheral blood using aphaeresis method. Aphaeresis assists in stem cells filtrations and avoids unwanted blood. When stem cells are obtained from the outpatient donor from the blood stream, they are less invasive and patient can recover very quickly at home. Stem cell harvested from the bone marrow using fine needle inseted into the hip joint however required critical method from in patient to be hospitalized and put under general aneshesia for continue monitoring. Stem cells collected from the bone marrow are much richer in stems compare with stem collected from the peripheral blood. State the difference between autologous and allogenic transplants. (word limit: 50 words) (4 MARKS) Difference between an autologous transplant is when patients own blood forming cell are collected for use in transplataion later, while an allogenic transplant relies on cells collected from volunteers bone marrow. The donors tissue type must be compatible to the recipient to avoid miss match.

Speech Outline -- essays research papers

How to Shoot a Basketball Properly Introduction Attention Getter: â€Å"I wish I was a little bit taller, I wish I was a Baller, I wish I had a girl who looked good I would call her.† That timeless phrase coined by Ski-Lo in the early nineties, resonates with so many of us because all of those goals are things that people relate to being successful. And while I can’t help you with the first and the last respectively, becoming a â€Å"Basket-baller† is quite feasible, with a little hard work. While the most important parts of being a baller can be debated for years and years. I believe all would agree that you have to be able to put the ball in the hoop. That is why I have spent most of my life learning how to shoot a basketball properly. The process is long and requires using muscles all over your body, but with determination and hard work you will become the best shooter you can be. I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to shoot well you must use all of your lower body. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You will want to start off by keeping your feet about shoulder with apart. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Place your shooting hands’ foot slightly ahead of the other foot. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Keeping one foot ahead of the other allows for a better guide for your upper body to follow. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then turn your hips and feet square to the rim or goal. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  You’ll then want to sit back and press your knees forward...

A People’s History of the United States

Since the arrival of the Virginians to the New World, they were desperate for labor. The Virginians were unable to grow enough food to stay alive. During the winter, they were reduced to roaming the woods for nuts and berries and digging up graves to eat the corpses until five hundred colonists were reduced to sixty. They couldn’t force the Indians to work for them because they were outnumbered and despite their superior firearms, they knew the Indians could massacre them. The Indians also had amazing spirit and resistance. They would prefer to die than be controlled by others. Indentured servants wouldn’t suffice because they had not been brought over in sufficient quantity. Also, indentured servants only had to work for a few years to repay their debt. Indentured servants eventually assimilated into society, increasing the need for laborers. Black slaves were the answer, as a million blacks had already been brought from Africa to the Portuguese and Spanish colonies. The first Africans that arrived in Virginia were considered as servants, but were treated and viewed differently from white servants. Even before the slave trade begun, the color black was distasteful. The Africans were viewed as inferior and that was the beginning of racism. It was easy for the English enslave the Africans. They were helpless; the English tore them from their land and culture and they were no match for the English’s guns and ships. Africans were captured and sent to the coast where they were kept in cages until they were picked and sold. Then they were packed aboard the slave ships in spaces that were no bigger than coffins. The combination of desperation from the Jamestown settlers, difficulty of using whites and Indians as servants, the availability of Africans and their helplessness made them the ideal candidates for enslavement. They were the solution to the settler’s problems. Tabaco, cotton, and sugar plantations made the colonies extremely wealthy; however, there simply were not enough whites to meet the need of the plantations. So as the plantation system grew, slavery grew. The slaves were taught to be insubordinate. They endured hard labor, separation from their families, and the power of law, allowing them to be punished physically. And thus the beginning of slavery and the drawing of the racial line. A People’s History of the United States Howard Zinn’s â€Å"A People’s History of the United States† appears to be unique as it presents historical events from the perspectives of the poor, minorities and dispossessed.The expeditions of Christopher Columbus to North America, as Zinn had presented, resulted in the appalling genocide and exploitation of Carribean’s indigenous peoples (only few Americans have learned such in school and most historians tend to overlook) (Zinn, Howard; 1980).Zinn viewed and presented Columbus as the oppressor. From the beginning of the expedition, Columbus had intended to extract wealth from the natives. He demonstrated Columbus’ malevolent motives as he quoted the latter’s words upon encountering with the Indians: â€Å"They brought us parrots and balls of cotton in exchange for the glass beads and hawk’s bells†¦They would make fine servants†¦With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want† (Zinn, Ho ward; 1980). Indeed, this is evidence that from the beginning, Columbus had been eager to assess the exploitability of the native inhabitants.Furthermore, Zinn also described the nobility and innocence of the natives and had proved that Indian culture treated its women well using the following quotation from a Spanish priest who was with Columbus: â€Å"Marriage laws are non-existent; men and women alike choose their mates†¦Indian men and women look upon total nakedness with as much casualness† (Zinn, Howard; 1980).Personally, Zinn’s presentation of historical events with respect to Columbus’ religious motivations varied from other historians. In the case of other historians (like Marshall) for instance, they took Columbus’ desire to evangelize the natives with seriousness as if they are willing to take these statements at face value; while Zinn, dismisses them by saying â€Å"He was full of religious talk† (stated on page 3).Work CitedZinn, H oward (1980); â€Å"A People’s History of the United States: Columbus, the Indians and Human Progress†; edited by Harper Collins (2003): Book A People’s History of the United States Since the arrival of the Virginians to the New World, they were desperate for labor. The Virginians were unable to grow enough food to stay alive. During the winter, they were reduced to roaming the woods for nuts and berries and digging up graves to eat the corpses until five hundred colonists were reduced to sixty. They couldn’t force the Indians to work for them because they were outnumbered and despite their superior firearms, they knew the Indians could massacre them. The Indians also had amazing spirit and resistance. They would prefer to die than be controlled by others. Indentured servants wouldn’t suffice because they had not been brought over in sufficient quantity. Also, indentured servants only had to work for a few years to repay their debt. Indentured servants eventually assimilated into society, increasing the need for laborers. Black slaves were the answer, as a million blacks had already been brought from Africa to the Portuguese and Spanish colonies. The first Africans that arrived in Virginia were considered as servants, but were treated and viewed differently from white servants. Even before the slave trade begun, the color black was distasteful. The Africans were viewed as inferior and that was the beginning of racism. It was easy for the English enslave the Africans. They were helpless; the English tore them from their land and culture and they were no match for the English’s guns and ships. Africans were captured and sent to the coast where they were kept in cages until they were picked and sold. Then they were packed aboard the slave ships in spaces that were no bigger than coffins. The combination of desperation from the Jamestown settlers, difficulty of using whites and Indians as servants, the availability of Africans and their helplessness made them the ideal candidates for enslavement. They were the solution to the settler’s problems. Tabaco, cotton, and sugar plantations made the colonies extremely wealthy; however, there simply were not enough whites to meet the need of the plantations. So as the plantation system grew, slavery grew. The slaves were taught to be insubordinate. They endured hard labor, separation from their families, and the power of law, allowing them to be punished physically. And thus the beginning of slavery and the drawing of the racial line.

Fosters Australia Limited the Breach of Legal Provisions

Fosters Australia Limited the Breach of Legal Provisions Introduction The employees of an organization should be subjected to healthy working conditions. In the production companies that apply heavy machinery and equipments in their operations, the conditions of such tools need to be considered. The machines need to be regularly checked before and after use to ensure that they are in proper working conditions.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Fosters Australia Limited: the Breach of Legal Provisions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The faults that are identified during these assessments need to be fixed before the implements can be used. The employees should also be informed of the risks that are associated with a given operation in the organization to take the appropriate cautious measures. Due to the need to ensure health and safety in the workplaces, policy makers in different countries have often intervened to enact legislation that advocate for the safety of the emplo yees (Council of Europe, 2007, p.999; Stellman and International Labor Office, 1998, p.1645). The Victorian Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 is one such legislation that is functional in Australia. The legal provisions provide an outline of what the management of organizations should put in place to ensure safe and healthy working conditions. The provisions also define the legal measures that have to be taken against an organization that goes against the provisions. Foster Australia is one organization that had found itself on the wrong side when a faulty machine caused an injury and subsequent death of an employee. The organization was then found guilty of two offences that subsequently caused the death of the employee and as such, it was fined. It has since made efforts to fix the faulty devices and increase risks awareness among the employees of the organization (Australian Food News, 2008). The accident The accident occurred at the Abbotsford premises of Fosters Australia , a company in Australia that produces and supplies beer within the country and its environs (VCC 902, 2008). The plant at this premise had two sets of bottling lines. One of the lines had two sets of depalletising machines consisting of conveyors that ferried empty bottles into the filling chamber through mechanized metal doors. The conveyor as well as a series of photoelectric sensors controlled the movements of the metal doors. There are also straps that hold the bottles into position in the pallet during conveying into the filling chamber. Before the bottles are passed into the chamber, these straps are to be removed by an employee who operates from some safe position, the main control panel just above the conveyor.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, there are instances in which the bottles or the cut straps can fall into the operating area of one of the de palletising machines. If these are allowed to accumulate, the plant cannot operate and production will be hindered. In such instances, the employees are required to get into the operating area of the conveyor and the metal doors (WorkSafe Victoria, 2008b). They are required to clear up the operating area and inspect the photoelectric sensors that control the movement of the metal doors. The accident occurred in 2006 when one of the employees, Mr. Huynh, was working in the operating area of one of the depalletising machines. It is likely that the employee entered the area to check if the reflector of the photoelectric sensor was functional. Mr. Huynh was caught in between the opening door of the depalletising machine and the handrail (WorkSafe Victoria, 2008b). The system failed for some period during which the employee was held in this position. The failure was caused by one of the photoelectric sensors that had a cracked reflector. The employee had breathing problems during the per iod, collapsed and became unconscious. He was then taken to a hospital where he later died due to health complications related to the respiratory system. It is then obvious that several factors contributed to the accident that later claimed the life of Mr. Huynh. There are standard procedures designed for the operations and cleaning of the depalletising machines. However, the standard procedures did not include dealing with the jams that would occur during the production (WorkSafe Victoria, 2008b). This implies that the employees were subjected to risks when getting into the operation area to clean the jam during the production. Besides, there was a standard operating procedure to detach the system in case such an incident is witnessed. Nevertheless, the operators have to be familiar with the procedures in time to be applied in case of an accident. Apparently, Mr. Huynh and the other employees were not informed on how the system can be detached in cases of such failures in order to prevent further damages. The causal factors and recommendations The incident that was witnessed at Fosters Australia could be avoided if certain measures. The measures could also reduce fatality of the incidence as was latter witnessed. It is necessary to identify each of the factors that contributed to the fatal accident and how they could be controlled. The precautious measures can then be adopted to prevent future occurrences of such incidences. Firstly, getting into the operating area to clear the jams that occur during the production process is very risky. There was no standard procedure to clear the jam prompting for the manual procedure. This could be avoided by developing the standard procedures that did not involve getting into the risky zone. Secondly, the employee was caught and held between the metal doors and the handrail due to a failure of one of the photoelectric sensors.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Fosters Australia Limited: the Breach of Legal Provisions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The latter, in conjunction with the conveyors, controlled the movement of the metal door to open in order to receive new pallets of empty bottles (VCC 902, 2008). The cracked reflector of the sensors indicated that proper maintenance was not provided for the risky system. There is need to check the conditions of the machine each time it is to be used to ensure that all the parts of the system are functional. The processes should be monitored regularly to check for their effectiveness and efficiency. Similarly, there are measures that could be taken immediately the failure was encountered to prevent the injuries that Mr. Huynh suffered. The failure by the management of the organization to provide adequate information to the employees on the standard operating procedures for isolating the machine in the event that some misfortune occurs led to the fatal situation that was observed. Such pro grams need to be instituted so that every employee is conversant with procedures, in case of any negative event. The instructions are provided in some standard language like English. The employees need to have proper understanding of the English language in order to learn and adopt the procedures. The conviction of Fosters Australia Limited The working conditions that led to the injury and the subsequent death of one of the employees at Fosters Australia Limited were against the legal provisions. The company was convicted for failure to comply with some sections of the Victorian Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004. The company pleaded guilty of having committed two offences that were against the sections (The Australian, 2008). Sections 21(1) and 2(a) of the Victorian OHS Act 2004 required that the companies should provide a working condition that is not risky to the health of the employees (WorkSafe Victoria, 2008a). The machines as well as the system of operation should not ex pose the employees to some health-related risks. This section was breached by the company that failed to provide proper systems of operations and good machinery. Similarly, sections 21(1) and 2(e) required that in the event that the employees are working in risky conditions, they should be given proper guidance on how they can best manage the situation (WorkSafe Victoria, 2008a). This was also breached. Having pleaded guilty for the two offences, the company was fined a total of $1.125 million (Australian Food News, 2008). This figure was reached at since the company had cooperated during the investigations and pleaded guilty of the offence. Otherwise, the fines would be higher, about $1.5m (The Australian, 2008).Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The issue of punishment in monetary terms is acceptable. However, the verdict was not fair on the sides of those affected by the incident in terms of the amount of penalty fine charged on the company. Firstly, there was a loss life, the value of which cannot be evaluated in monetary terms. The deceased had dependants that would now not get proper provision of the necessities. The fines imposed should be enough to compensate the family members the deceased. The fines should also be imposed depending on the overall value of the company. The company could later fix some machine parts worth about $4 million (WorkSafe Victoria, 2008b). This suggests that it has the capacity to pay more for the negative consequences caused. Some compensation would also be extended to he employees that were traumatized by the fatal event that claimed the life of one of their members. The situation is also worsened by the fact that scenarios had been witnessed in the past but was not fixed until another inc ident was seen (WorkSafe Victoria, 2008b). Some moral considerations can also be applied in examining the situation. Even if there are no legal provisions requiring healthy and safety working conditions, understanding the needs of the employees and providing such condition is an ethical consideration (Maierhofer and Colley, 2004, p.4). The company should aim at improving the lives of its employees and their dependants like families, friends, and relatives. After the death of the employee, it would be of some moral value if the company assumed some if not all of the responsibilities the employee had to his family. Conclusion The health and safety of the employees of an organization should be a significant consideration in designing the strategies for the operation of the organization. Legal provisions are there to protect the rights of the employees. The legal measures should be taken depending on the fatality of the consequences that follow the breach of such legal provisions. Thus, even though the company was cooperative and pleaded guilty and despite the submissions that proper measures had been instituted since the incidence, the company was supposed to be fined higher than the stated amount. Reference List Australian Food News. 2008. Fosters receives record fine for fatal safety breaches. Web. Available from: https://docs.google.com/viewer?attid=0.1pid=gmailthid=1325bff2defed935url=https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui%3D2%26ik%3D4baa4f2379%26view%3Datt%26th%3D1325bff2defed935%26attid%3D0.1%26disp%3Dsafe%26realattid%3Df_gsgz96060%26zwdocid=67e46ec061c1a6629c866130195f4f99|e8dac3d4fa38fdbb02500f859c10ad53chan=EgAAALOBrpfCgg5SMbTJvDNTzjlgH%2Bcwb%2B12k5YKdzMUhqlQa=vrel=zip;z1;AFN+-+Fosters+Receives+Record+Fine+%28Aug+2008%29.pdf . Council of Europe. 2007. European Committee of Social Rights, European Social Charter Revised Conclusions 2007: Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Moldova, Norway, Romania, Slovenia, and Sweden. Strasbourg Cedex: Council of Europe. Maierhofer, N . and Colley, S., 2004. Ethical considerations for using values to manage in the workplace. Web. Available from: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/652/1/maierhofer_colley.pdf . Stellman, J. and International Labor Office. 1998. Encyclopedia of occupational health and safety, Volume 1; Volume 5. Geneva: International Labor Organization. The Australian. 2008. Foster’s fined $1.1m after a work death. Web. Available from: https://docs.google.com/viewer?attid=0.1pid=gmailthid=1325bff2defed935url=https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui%3D2%26ik%3D4baa4f2379%26view%3Datt%26th%3D1325bff2defed935%26attid%3D0.1%26disp%3Dsafe%26realattid%3Df_gsgz96060%26zwdocid=67e46ec061c1a6629c866130195f4f99|e8dac3d4fa38fdbb02500f859c10ad53chan=EgAAAMHB%2BKvCqIcPw9OAVTiRQG18TushHp4hUk94T4Vw87Lia=vrel=zip;z6;TheAustralian+-Fosters+Fined+after+Work+Death+%28Aug+2008%29.pdf . VCC 902. 2008. R v Fosters Australia. Web. Available from: https://docs.google.com/viewer?attid=0.1pid=gmailthid=1325bff2defed935url=https://mail .google.com/mail/?ui%3D2%26ik%3D4baa4f2379%26view%3Datt%26th%3D1325bff2defed935%26attid%3D0.1%26disp%3Dsafe%26realattid%3Df_gsgz96060%26zwdocid=67e46ec061c1a6629c866130195f4f99|e8dac3d4fa38fdbb02500f859c10ad53chan=EgAAALOBrpfCgg5SMbTJvDNTzjlgH%2Bcwb%2B12k5YKdzMUhqlQa=vrel=zip;z2;County+Court+Sentencing+08_VCC0902.pdf WorkSafe Victoria. 2008a. Brewer pleads guilty of workplace safety charges. Web. Available from: https://docs.google.com/viewer?attid=0.1pid=gmailthid=1325bff2defed935url=https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui%3D2%26ik%3D4baa4f2379%26view%3Datt%26th%3D1325bff2defed935%26attid%3D0.1%26disp%3Dsafe%26realattid%3Df_gsgz96060%26zwdocid=67e46ec061c1a6629c866130195f4f99|e8dac3d4fa38fdbb02500f859c10ad53chan=EgAAALOBrpfCgg5SMbTJvDNTzjlgH%2Bcwb%2B12k5YKdzMUhqlQa=vrel=zip;z9;Worksafe+Victoria+-+Notices+Regarding+Fosters+Prosecution+2008-09.pdf WorkSafe Victoria. 2008b. Fosters gets record $1.125m fine for fatal safety breaches. Web. Available from: https://docs.google.com/viewer?attid =0.1pid=gmailthid=1325bff2defed935url=https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui%3D2%26ik%3D4baa4f2379%26view%3Datt%26th%3D1325bff2defed935%26attid%3D0.1%26disp%3Dsafe%26realattid%3Df_gsgz96060%26zwdocid=67e46ec061c1a6629c866130195f4f99|e8dac3d4fa38fdbb02500f859c10ad53chan=EgAAALOBrpfCgg5SMbTJvDNTzjlgH%2Bcwb%2B12k5YKdzMUhqlQa=vrel=zip;z9;Worksafe+Victoria+-+Notices+Regarding+Fosters+Prosecution+2008-09.pdf.

Identifying Understanding Masculine Rhyme

Identifying Understanding Masculine Rhyme A masculine rhyme happens when a rhyme is on the final syllable of a wordthat syllable is stressed Green and Mean are masculine rhymes, as are Invest and Undressed, Import and Short, and Intrude and Food. In looking at masculine rhymes, we have two separate components: the rhyme, and the stress. Rhyme Rhymes are simply identical (or very similar) sounds. An okay rhyme is head and pet, since both share the same vowel sound, but head and bed are a closer rhyme, because they share a vowel and a consonant sound. Rhymes dont have to be from the same letters, either. As we see above, invest and undressed rhyme, even though one ends in -st and one in -ssed. Its not about the letters themselves; its all about the sound they make. Stress Stress is a little trickier to understand. In English, we dont put the same amount of emphasis on every syllable in a word. A syllable is stressed when we put emphasis on it- beCAUSE, CHATtering, RUSHes, perSIMMon. Those syllables that are not stressed are, not surprisingly, known as unstressed. A good way to figure out which syllables are stressed and unstressed in a word is to play around with emphasizing difference syllables. Does IMpossible sound the same as imPOSSible or imposs-I-ble or impossiBLE? Some words have more than one stressed syllable, although one is usually more stressed than the others- REconSIDer (where the third syllable is more stressed than the first). Words that are only one syllable are usually automatically stressed, although it depends on their context within a sentence. So, to have a masculine rhyme, we need two (or more) words that end with the same sounds, and both have stressed last syllables. Sink and Wink and Think are all masculine rhymes. As are Overdue and Debut, and Combine and Sign. Not Gendered As you can see, masculine rhyme has nothing to do with gender. The term was coined long enough ago that stressed syllables, more powerful than unstressed syllables, were equated with the masculine; words ending with unstressed syllables (like RUSHing, HEAVen, and PURple) are all considered feminine endings- when those kinds of words rhyme, its known as feminine rhyme. How to Identify Masculine Rhyme For the most part, once you know the rules of masculine rhymes, theyre pretty easy to spot. As long as the words in question rhyme in their final (or only) syllable, and that syllable is stressed, the rhyme is masculine. Check out the poetry excerpts below for examples of masculine rhyme. Examples From John Donnes Holy Sonnet XIV: Batter my heart, three-personed God, for youAs yet but knock, breathe, shine, and seek to mend;That I may rise, and stand, o’erthrow me, and bendYour force to break, blow, burn, and make me new. So we have two rhymes here you/new and mend/bend. Since all of these words are one syllable long, they are automatically stressed. Rhyme? Check. Stressed syllable? Check. These are masculine rhymes. From On the Dangers of Open Water by Liz Wager: This beauty we dont understand will sweepus out to sea. We look for it belowour bows, but if we try to understandthe workings of that beauty we perceive,were driven mad by all we cannot know.We force ourselves to roam between the strandstill, like Narcissus, drown to find reprieve. Here, we have a couple different rhymes: below/know, understand/strands, perceive/reprieve. (While understand and strands are not perfect rhymes, theyre pretty close.) In this example, there are multi-syllable words: they all end with a stressed syllable- perCEIVE, rePRIEVE, and beLOW. Stressed final syllables? Yes. Rhymes? Yes. Another example of masculine rhyme. Why Do Poets Use Masculine Rhyme? In addition to knowing what masculine rhyme is, and how to identify it, its also helpful to understand why a poet might use it in a poem, or what masculine rhyme contributes to a poem. There are several ways to emphasize particular words in a poem. Placement in a line, stress, and rhyme all make words stand out. In the above examples, all the masculine rhymes occur at the end of the line; just by having that white space to their right, these words are more prominent, more visible. Our eyes linger on those final words before we move onto the next line. Stress, too, emphasizes a word; words like to, the, an, a, and, if, or, at, etc., are usually all unstressed in poetic lines, while stressed words have more meaning, more life. And, when words are rhymed, they stand out. The more times we hear a certain sound repeated, the more we pay attention to that sound- just think about the poetry of Dr. Seuss! So, having masculine rhymes (especially those at the end of lines) help a poet to really emphasize the important words of a poem. Whether a reader realizes it or not, stressed syllables and words tend to stick in our memories better, as do the repetition of sounds that we find in rhyme. So, the next time you read a poem that incorporates rhyme (such as a sonnet or a pantoum), check to see if it is making use of masculine rhyme, and how that use is impacting your reading experience.

Healthcare Finace Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthcare Finace Review - Article Example This makes it difficult for them to see a doctor as it is estimated that they may only see a doctor once in a year when they are critically ill. This in turn increases the cost of treatment to more than what it could have been had the person sought medical attention at an early stage. (Rannan p62) A paradox of medical cost is that people who can least afford- the uninsured- end up being charged most (Tumulty and San Antonio, 2009). The author of this article was referring to a case where a certain individual had bought a short term health insurance cover and later was diagnosed with renal failure. The insurance company could not settle his bills due to the nature of his illness. He lost his job as he could not continue to work with his condition. Everything he had was getting lost until he had of a certain company that could offer him treatment at low cost in installments. This person could only get federal help once his renal failure was in end stage level. Struggling not to reach end stage failure was not easy but with the unfolding uncertainties and the hope of getting help while nearing his death had made him focus on that as the only chance of survival. This raises the question on whether the government priorities on health are upright. Should healthcare finance focus on when a condition reaches irreversible status to intervene? A fresh look at what has worked before in capacity building, and how agency practices can be improved, to avoid the lip service to capacity building that has unfortunately characterized past activities Although health care is a human a universal right, its provision is at the mercy of policy makers who in most case will be politicians, yet the matter requires more than political will. Identifying ways of approach that will help even the poorest in the society achieve basic health care without the overstretching their earning remains a challenge that cannot be

Social media organizations PowerPoint Presentation

Social media organizations - PowerPoint Presentation Example It is my belief that because of this approach, Anne Rice has in fact made steps to become closer to her fans, and people on her page started realizing that there is more to her than a writer. Ms. Rice uses social media daily. If she is unable to post information about her latest media appearance, she posts her own opinion about issues that interest her. She also asks her fans questions about the characters in her books, hence increasing awareness about work. By interacting daily with her fans, she has gained new supporters. In Facebook alone, there are almost 1 million members of her page. Meanwhile, she has more than 70,000 followers in Twitter. Who knows how many more are part of her mailing list. We do know, however, that Ms. Rice receives numerous invitations for interview as she posts her interview schedules in her Facebook Page and Twitter account. This is because Ms. Rice also enabled visitors to her website to have immediate access to her secretary who sets up appointments for her. Based on these observations, I can say that Anne Rice can sustain her position as one of the most awarded writers today, thanks to her use of social media. She was already a household name in the past, but because of her active involvement in social media, more teenagers are becoming aware of her work and she is receiving support from almost all age